Diy IR Module( Project Explain in Hindi )

 Is tutorial me hum IR Sensor (Infrared Sensor)and ke baare me baat karenge. Hum samjhenge ki IR sensorand kya hota hai, ye kaise kaam karta hai, aur aap ise khud se DIY IR Sensor Module ke roop me kaise bana sakte hain. 

 Is guide ko simple aur easy language me explain kiya gaya hai, taaki beginners bhi aasani se samajh saken aur apne electronics ya Arduino projects me IR sensor ka use kar saken. Is tutorial ke end tak aapko IR sensor ki working aur uska basic circuit banane ka clear idea mil jayega.

DIY - IR Module:-

Sensor ek aisa device hota hai jo environment me hone wale changes ko detect karta hai aur un par response deta hai. Ye changes light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure ya kisi bhi physical activity ke form me ho sakte hain.

Electronics ki duniya me sensors ka bahut important role hota hai, khas kar Robotics aur Automation systems me. Sensor jab kisi cheez ko detect karta hai to wo ek signal ya output generate karta hai, jise baaki electronic circuits read karte hain ya aage process karte hain.

Aaj ke time me sensors hamari life ko bahut easy aur smart bana rahe hain, kyunki ye devices ko automatically control karne me madad karte hain, bina kisi human interaction ke.

hum IR Sensor (Infrared Sensor) ke baare me detail me baat karenge. Hum samjhenge ki IR sensor kya hota hai, ye kaise kaam karta hai, aur aap ise khud se ek DIY IR Module ke roop me kaise bana sakte hain. Isse aap apne electronics me easily use kar sakte hain.

Components Used

• Hardware components 
• LM358  
• 10K Potentiometer 
• LED 
• IR LED 
• PhotoDiode
• 100Ω Resistor
• 100kΩ Resistor

1. IR Transmitter [IR LED]

IR LED (Infrared Light-Emitting Diode) ek special type ki LED hoti hai jo infrared light emit karti hai. Infrared light ki wavelength visible light se zyada hoti hai, isliye ise human eyes directly nahi dekh sakti. Infrared ki frequency microwave se zyada aur visible light se kam hoti hai.

Infrared light human eyes ko dikhai nahi deti kyunki iska wavelength lagbhag 700 nm se 1 mm ke beech hota hai. Duniya me jitni bhi cheezein heat produce karti hain, wo kisi na kisi form me infrared radiation emit karti hain. Iska simple example human body aur fire hai.

Infrared light ki properties visible light jaisi hi hoti hain. Iska matlab hai ki ise focus, reflect aur polarize bhi kiya ja sakta hai.

Agar IR LED ki appearance aur working ki baat karein, to ye bilkul normal LED jaisi hi dikhai deti hai aur waise hi operate karti hai. Jab ise 5V supply par chalaya jata hai to IR transmitter lagbhag 3 se 5 mA current consume karta hai.

Alag-alag manufacturer aur transmitter ke according IR LED ka emitting angle lagbhag 20° se 60° tak ho sakta hai aur iska range kuch centimeters se lekar kai feet tak ho sakta hai. Kuch powerful transmitters to kilometers tak signal bhejne ki capability rakhte hain.

Kyuki human eyes infrared light ko nahi dekh sakti, isliye directly ye pata lagana mushkil hota hai ki IR LED kaam kar rahi hai ya nahi. Isko check karne ka sabse simple tareeka hai mobile camera ya digital camera ka use karna. Agar IR LED kaam kar rahi hogi to camera ke view me purple ya pink glow dikhai dega.

Normal LEDs ka use lighting ke liye hota hai, lekin IR LEDs lighting ke liye use nahi hoti. Inka main use signal transmission systems me hota hai, jaise:

• TV remote controls

• Night-vision cameras

• Motion detection systems

• Wireless communication devices

Aksar IR LED ko IR receiver ke saath use kiya jata hai, taaki do ya usse zyada devices ke beech wireless communication establish kiya ja sake. Isi principle par remote control systems aur IR sensor modules kaam karte hain.

2. IR Receiver [PhotoDiode]

Photodiode ek semiconductor device hota hai jo light ko electrical current me convert karta hai. Jab light ke particles (jinhe photons kaha jata hai) photodiode par girte hain, to ye device current generate karna start kar deta hai.

Photodiode ka behavior kuch had tak LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) jaisa hota hai. Matlab jab light nahi hoti, to iska resistance bahut high hota hai. Aur jab light padti hai, to iska resistance kam ho jata hai aur current flow hone lagta hai.

Lekin photodiode aur LDR me ek important difference bhi hota hai. LDR ek analogue aur bidirectional device hota hai, jabki photodiode ek unidirectional semiconductor device hota hai jisme P-N junction hota hai. Photodiode normally reverse bias mode me operate karta hai, yani jab is par light padti hai to ye reverse direction me current conduct karna start kar deta hai.

Photodiode ka output simple hota hai — ye basically do hi states me kaam karta hai: ON ya OFF. Isi wajah se ye digital type detection systems me kaafi useful hota hai.

Agar appearance ki baat karein, to photodiode LED jaisa hi dikhta hai, lekin aksar iske outer surface par black color ki coating hoti hai taaki ye light ko better detect kar sake.

Market me alag-alag types ke IR receivers available hote hain jo wavelength, voltage aur package ke basis par different hote hain. Jab photodiode ko IR transmitter (IR LED) ke saath use kiya jata hai, to ye zaruri hota hai ki receiver ki wavelength transmitter ki wavelength se match kare. Tabhi transmitter aur receiver ke beech proper infrared communication possible hota hai.

3. LM358 IC

LM358 ek dual operational amplifier (Op-Amp) IC hai. Iska matlab hai ki ek hi IC ke andar do alag-alag op-amps lage hote hain, jo ek common power supply se operate karte hain. Is circuit me hum LM358 IC ko voltage comparator ke roop me use kar rahe hain.

LM358 ke andar do independent comparators hote hain, isliye theoretically is ek IC ki madad se do IR sensor modules bhi banaye ja sakte hain. Lekin is tutorial me hum sirf ek comparator ka use kar rahe hain.

Is comparator me:

• PIN 2 aur PIN 3 input pins hoti hain

• PIN 1 output pin hoti hai

Voltage comparator ke do inputs hote hain:

• Inverting Input (PIN 2) – ise negative input bhi kehte hain

• Non-Inverting Input (PIN 3) – ise positive ya in-phase input bhi kaha jata hai

Working Principle

Comparator ka kaam hota hai do voltages ko compare karna.

• Agar non-inverting input (PIN 3) par voltage, inverting input (PIN 2) se zyada ho jata hai, to comparator ka output (PIN 1) HIGH ho jata hai.

• Aur agar inverting input (PIN 2) par voltage, non-inverting input (PIN 3) se zyada ho, to comparator ka output LOW ho jata hai.

Power Supply Pins

• PIN 4 → Negative power supply hoti hai, ya phir single power supply circuit me ise ground se connect kiya jata hai.

• PIN 8 → Positive power supply ke liye use hoti hai.

LM358 ke Op-Amp Channels

LM358 IC me total do op-amp channels hote hain:

• Pins 1, 2, 3 → Pehla op-amp channel

• Pins 5, 6, 7 → Doosra op-amp channel

Is wajah se LM358 IC sensor circuits, comparator circuits aur signal processing applications me kaafi popular hai, jaise IR sensor modules, robotics aur automation projects.

Principle of Working

IR Sensor mainly do components se milkar bana hota hai: IR LED aur Photodiode. Jab ye dono ek saath use hote hain to ise Opto-Coupler ya Photo-Coupler bhi kaha jata hai. IR sensor ka working principle simple hai — IR LED infrared radiation emit karti hai aur Photodiode us radiation ko detect karta hai.

Jab photodiode par IR light padti hai, to uska resistance change ho jata hai. Resistance change hone ki wajah se voltage drop bhi change hota hai. Is voltage change ko detect karne ke liye voltage comparator (jaise LM358) ka use kiya jata hai, jo us change ke according output signal generate karta hai.

IR LED aur Photodiode ko do tarah se place kiya ja sakta hai:

1. Direct Incidence
Is method me IR LED aur photodiode ek dusre ke saamne rakhe jate hain. IR LED se nikli infrared light seedha photodiode par padti hai. Agar in dono ke beech koi object aa jata hai, to IR light photodiode tak nahi pahunch pati aur sensor us change ko detect kar leta hai.

2. Indirect Incidence
Is method me IR LED aur photodiode side-by-side (parallel) lagaye jate hain aur dono same direction me face karte hain. Jab koi object sensor ke saamne aata hai, to IR light object se reflect ho kar photodiode par padti hai, jise photodiode detect kar leta hai.

IR Sensor Module ka Basic Working

Simple words me, IR module ek IR transmitter aur IR receiver circuit ka combination hota hai. IR LED se nikli infrared light ko photodiode detect karta hai. Circuit me LM358 Op-Amp IC ko voltage comparator ke roop me use kiya jata hai.

Comparator ke inverting input par jo voltage hota hai use Threshold Voltage kaha jata hai, aur ise potentiometer (variable resistor) ko ghuma kar set kiya ja sakta hai.

Circuit ka Working Process

• Jab circuit ON hota hai aur photodiode par IR light nahi padti, tab comparator ka output LOW hota hai.

• Jab hum IR sensor ke saamne koi object rakhte hain, to IR light object se reflect ho kar photodiode par padti hai.

• Isse photodiode ka voltage drop kam ho jata hai aur series resistor R2 par voltage badh jata hai.

• Jab R2 par voltage, comparator ke inverting input ke voltage se zyada ho jata hai, to comparator ka output HIGH ho jata hai aur LED ON ho jati hai.

Sensor Sensitivity kaise Adjust hoti hai

Sensor ki sensitivity potentiometer ko ghuma kar adjust ki ja sakti hai:

• Agar inverting input (–) par voltage zyada set kar diya, to sensor kam sensitive ho jayega.

• Agar inverting input (–) par voltage kam set kiya, to sensor zyada sensitive ho jayega.

Is tarah potentiometer ki madad se threshold voltage adjust karke sensor ko environment ke according calibrate kiya ja sakta hai.

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